good morning children of the Internet today I have a book called Paper Towns to review for you and let me talk about why Paper Towns by John Green author of looking for alaska and the very very popular the fault in our stars as well as an abundance of katherines and several other things that he’s written with a couple other authors with published in 2008 and i have read it twice now most recently yesterday and you are probably wondering why after all these years of reading it and then rereading and never reviewing it are you just reviewing it now the movie is coming out let’s just keep it simple so the book is being adapted into a film and ordinarily I would try and do a book to movie comparison when the film comes out however given the fact that by the time you see this I will be working like a crazy person at my job and probably not having enough time to even breathe it’s unlikely that i’m going to make it out to the theater in a timely enough fashion when the movie comes out to even do a book to movie review and never mind the fact that where i am located in massachusetts they might not even be playing the movie so that’s going to be a problem despite that fact this is an excellent story I have heard several folks who’ve also read it say that this is their favorite john green book and i reread it this time around trying to imagine why because it has never been my favorite john green book and i was honestly a little confused by the ending the first time that i had read it i didn’t i didn’t understand why everyone thought it was so prolific um so i went into it looking for that this time if you’re unfamiliar with the plot it’s about a boy named Quentin who spent his entire life growing up next door to this beautiful girl named margo roth spiegelman one evening she climbs into his bedroom window with a plan to do 11 things that night to seek revenge on some folks for wronging her and sort of drags Quentin on this all night adventure of buying things and plotting revenge on people just generally causing a little bit of mayhem in their lives and so when the wee hours of the early morning roll around and they part he sort of hopes that now that they have had this experience together they’ve never really been friends even though they’ve been neighbors they don’t really know each other very well and he hopes that after this things were going to be different and then Margot disappears so being completely in love with her and having had this great experience with her right before she disappears quinton follows these clues that he feels that she has left for him to find her to figure out exactly where Margo Roth Spiegelman has gone but as with all of John Green’s books there is a heightened sense of pretentiousness in the characters a little bit because as I have said before so many times John Green enjoys writing smart teenage characters which is something that I really really appreciate the characters in this book spent a lot of time pondering over their relationships with each other just end there their friend group and the friends that come along with quinton on this journey to find Margo and also they spend some time pondering over things like Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass and what it means to leave a place and be connected to a place and all the metaphors that come from this particular poem now me personally I always appreciate that these characters are reflecting on such prominent works of literature although it sort of does detract from their modern day flighty sort of teenager miss I think this book perhaps more than John Green’s other books does show exactly how teenager and true-to-life these particular characters are I think the the writing style in this book is a little less pushy then saw his other books I think it’s it’s you spend a lot of time just in Quentin’s head going over and over things again and again and how he feels and how he feels about Margo and how he’s realizing that he never actually knew her he just had this entire vision of her based on what he saw and what he heard about even though they had known each other since they were tiny and I think that’s something that this book does best there at times when you are just super frustrated with quinton because he’s so hung up on Margot and can’t think of anything else and gets frustrated when other people don’t want to talk about it and you just want to be like dude you need to chill out like you have a life and these other people have lives and they just can’t all go chasing after Margot at the end of their senior year of high school but at the same time you sort of have to to think about Quentin himself and Margot herself the way that Quentin is thinking about her and you start to ponder how you see your other relationships with other people and how you understand yourself as a sort of a figment of your actual being if that makes me since I found this book to be very ponderous the second time around about how I present myself to other people to you folks and how I present myself to myself and I think it definitely connects with themes in John Green’s previous work most specifically in abundance of katherines if you read that there are of course the excellent quirks to be found in this book that just keep getting hit upon and head upon namely Ben who is an annoying but kind of adorable character who’s Quentin’s best friend and how obsessed he is is going to prom as well as Quentin’s other friend radar whose family is in the Guinness Book of World Records for a very particular collection of things which I won’t spoil because it’s it’s an interesting topic of discussion there are just of course the the great why a contemporary quirks that are thrown in there for all of these characters and all of their situations like i said this book is being turned into a movie i have really high hopes for it after sort of watching some some interviews with John Green and just log brothers videos he says that the movie isn’t going to be exactly like the book but what they’ve done with the script is to evoke the same feelings that you have while reading this book so I’m excited to see the differences if I get to see the difference is because of my aforementioned situation where i live in the woods if you have read Paper Towns please tell me your thoughts below especially if you’re one of those people that likes Paper Towns more than the rest Green’s work because I know he’s got a fairly heavy following in favorite book being The Fault in Our Stars so I’m interested to see other people’s thoughts if they are Paper Towns camp type people as always thank you for watching all the links to anything you could ever want to know about us are below I hope your having lovely weeks and lovely lives and we’ll see you very soon

and the library we are often asked by students how to write an annotated bibliography this tutorial was written to help you gain a better understanding of what an annotated bibliography is and how to write one to comprehend what an annotated bibliography is let’s first examine the definition of each of the words individually we’ll start with the bibliography a bibliography is a systematically arranged list of resources such as books and journal articles that are used for research they are alphabetically listed by the last name of the author see the red underlines in the example let’s move on to discuss the definition of an annotation an annotation could be an explanation a description a summary a critical evaluation or a combination of all of the above in general when speaking about an annotation in regards to an annotated bibliography an annotation helps the reader gain additional knowledge of the source without reading the entire source now let’s combine the definitions of a bibliography and an annotation into one larger definition an annotated bibliography is a systematically arranged list of resources such as books and journals used for research that also has a brief summary and critical evaluation of each resource in other words a bibliography provides you with the author title and publication details of resources used whereas an annotated bibliography includes everything a bibliography does but it also adds a paragraph of summary and evaluation to each resource because it can be helpful to have a visual example of what you are trying to create here are the first two sources listed in an annotated bibliography notice the bibliographic entries listed are in alphabetical order like we previously stated was necessary these are shown by the red underlines both entries use correct in format and then they’re both followed by the annotated portion as indicated by the yellow stars a commonly asked question is how long should my annotated bibliography be the length of each annotated entry depends upon the specific guidelines your professor has given you an annotation can be as short as one sentence but generally each annotation should be one paragraph that is three to five sentences not exceeding 150 to 200 words each professor has the freedom to specify the length of an annotated bibliography so if you have any questions regarding the length please contact your professor you might also be wondering how do I choose sources to use in my annotated bibliography choosing resources for an annotated bibliography involves doing research just like any other project choose peer-reviewed journals and scholarly monographs that provide a wide variety of perspectives on your topic the quality of your bibliography will depend on your selection of your sources if you need help determining which sources are scholarly or peer-reviewed take a few minutes to watch our scholarly versus popular video tutorial you can find that tutorial by searching for other videos on our youtube channel under luther rice library ultimately when choosing sources for your annotated bibliography always follow the specific guidelines your professor may have given you we hope that you now have a good understanding of an annotated bibliography with the tools we have given you hopefully you can successfully write solid annotations that will earn you a high grade on your next annotated bibliography assignment

hey guys so in today’s video I wanted to do with brief case study on how I wrote my first book and I was able to get it done in about 24 hours worth of work I also want to show you three ways that you can write your book in as little as 24 hours worth of effort towards 24 hours worth of actual work time so back when I first wrote my first book was a fitness book and I had been working out for a while I’ve read a lot about fitness I’ve learned a lot about fitness and diet and I decided that I want to write a book about it so I’ve gotten decent results and my angle in my hook was you know I’m a regular guy has taken information that’s readily available about fitness and I actually applied it to myself and I shared what works for me it works for other people that are in a similar situation to B so that’s kind of the background of how I came up with the topic of the book so I knew I wanted to write a fitness book but I still have a job you know at the time I had two kids now I have three kids and I had to figure out the fastest quickest way to get the book written so what I did is number one and I talked about this more about online course is I created an outline so I listed out like the eight or ten chapters I wanted to write in the book and I gave each chapter like a really compelling you know intriguing chapter title and then I proceeded to create a table of contents so for each chapter I listed out like three or four main sub chapters that I wanted to write and then under those sub chapters I wrote down three or four bullet points and main concepts that I want to each sub chapter to include and once I have my outline that was probably like 70 or 80 percent of the work because once you know what you want to say actually writing the book is relatively simple so with that said once you have an outline again I gotta cover this a lot more in my course but once you have an outline then you have to actually get the book written so the first way is actually write the book right so most people kind of find it daunting to sit in front of a computer and stare at a blank page and start writing but once you have an outline and you’ve already written out what your points what your chapters are what your sub chapters are what yours the main points of the subchapter are gonna be writing is pretty easy that all you have to do is enter your own personal experiences or stories and in research you have many any obstacles you broke through any aha moments of your discoveries any realizations you had and then you will see your skeleton of an outline really start to take effect and and look like a real book right so if you work hard at it and if you’re smart about it you can get it done in an hour a day and at the end of a month even less than a month you can have a full book written right so that’s the first and most straightforward way to get a book written but again it starts from your outline the second way and I did this for the science to get in rift which is my first book is not only did I create an outline but I started plugging in content that either I had written in the past or that I found online into my outline so that made my outline look more you know more flush and more full and then what I did is I decided to transcribe it so right now I’m driving in my car and you see that I’m recording this video as I’m driving so what I did is I used the voice recorder on my phone and I started transcribing or I started dictating my book so I had my my outline I had all my chapters my subchapters don’t like my main points in each subchapter and I started speaking it to my phone and believe it or not each chapter probably took ten or fifteen minutes to actually speak so literally in a matter of just a couple of hours I had my entire book transcribed now I wouldn’t have more I’m sorry I dictated into an audio file and I wouldn’t have been able to do that if I didn’t have a solid outline that I was working from and then once I had my audio file on my phone I submitted it to a company called rev.com that’s our Evie is in Victor rev.com and they charge a dollar per minute of audio transcription so my book why don’t you know the full transcribed version was probably maybe like two hours about 120 minutes so I spent a hundred and twenty dollars to get my entire book taken from you know audio files on my phone to an actual written manuscript and that was amazing and I have to say that if I didn’t you know if I didn’t find out about rev.com I probably wouldn’t have been able to write my book so quickly and so easily now of course once you get your book you’re gonna have to go back and edit it and tweak it and add to it that takes a few hours worth of work focused dedicated work but it’s not terribly difficult to do when it’s not impossible and then the third way to write your book and this is what I do now sometimes as well is I hire ghost writers now Tim Ferriss talked about that in the 4-hour workweek back ten years ago when that book came out it was a revolutionary concept for any that people actually hire and commissioned other people to write content for them and the more you learn about how the publishing world works the more you realize that a lot of big-name authors fiction and nonfiction have ghost writers writing for them now they may not be writing the entire story from start to finish and they shouldn’t but they’re doing a lot of the research a lot of the character development in the case of fiction fiction books where the case with nonfiction again doing a lot of the research coming up with a lot of the studies that the author will then end up citing in the actual final book so that’s what I do now I pay a ghost writers to take my outline and turn that into a live look now most of the time actually all the time what they give me is not ready to be published I can’t put my name on it because I didn’t actually write it and it’s usually lacking a personal touch you know a lot of times ghost riders will do a good job of doing research for you and and put it together like pretty dry sterile technical content especially for writing a lot nonfiction topics like myself but that’s when I go back and I go over what they wrote and I change it I reword it I add my own stories my own breakthroughs my own insights my own discoveries and that’s what really makes the book mine and that’s what really makes a book come alive in my experience so those are three ways to get your book written and you can literally do it in 24 hours now I’m not talking about 24 hours like 24 hours from now 24 hours from now but I’m saying within 24 hours so if you spend a weekend let’s say you spend 8 hours on the Saturday 8 hours on a Sunday and another 8 hours you know spread out throughout the the following week a couple hours a day you can get your book written and that’s probably the biggest hurdle the biggest obstacle that people have if they don’t think that they have time to write a book but if you use these three strategies one is obviously to have an outline that’s the foundation of this entire model but once you’ve your outline you’ve read it yourself you just find the time schedule it and write just an hour to a day the second way is to transcribe your book so dictate and speak into your phone you know what you want to say and get that transcribed on a site like Reb com4 and third way is to hire ghost writers and go hiring ghost writers a little bit tricky because most of the time you’re not gonna find good ghost writers so I wouldn’t recommend that right away but the easiest way is to use option number two which is just to get your book dictated into your phone and then get it transcribed so hopefully that helps again I cover a lot more that in my course but I might also download my free cheat sheet as an 11-page guide that shows you exactly how I took my first book which is called the science getting ripped from just an idea to a best-selling book in just a matter of a couple months and that really became the foundation of my entire book business and you know this YouTube channel and you know everything I’m doing stop publishing now so you can get that cheat sheet from passive income playbook calm again go to WWE come play book calm and get my free eleven page cheechee that walks through the entire process that I follow to write publish and launch my first best-selling book please please if you like this video like it and subscribe to this channel and I’ll be sending out new videos as well talk to you guys soon thanks

this essay starts with a quote from the Aryan Nations website the depths of love are rooted and very deep in a real white nationalist soul and spirit no form of hate could even begin to compare at least not a hate motivated by under ungrounded reasoning it is not hate that makes the average white man look upon our mixed-race couple with a scowl on his face and loathing in his heart it is not hate that makes the white housewife throw down the daily newspaper newspaper it says in repulsion and anger after reading of yet another child molester or rapist sentenced by corrupt courts to a couple of short ears in prison or on parole it is not hate that makes the white workingman curse about the latest boatload of aliens dumped on our shores to be given a job preference over the white citizen who built this land it is not hate that brings rage into the heart of a white Christian farmer when he reads of billions loaned or given away as aid to foreigners when he can’t get the smallest break from an unmerciful government to save his failing farm no it’s not hate it is love hey this is Sarah common now how do emotions work to align some subjects with some others and against other others how do emotions move between bodies in this essay I argue that emotions play a crucial role in the surfacing of individual and collective bodies through the way in which emotions circulate between bodies and signs such an argument clearly challenges any assumption that emotions are a private matter that they so that they simply belong to individuals or even that they come from within and then move outward towards others it creates it suggests that emotions are not simply within or without but that they create the very effect of the surfaces or boundaries of bodies and worlds for instance in the above narrative on the Aryan Nations website the role of emotions in particular hate and love is crucial to the delineation of the bodies of individual subjects and the body of the nation here a subject the white nationalist the average white man the white house wife the white working man the white citizen the white Christian farmer is presented as dangered by imagined others whose proximity threatens not only to take something away from the subject jobs security wealth but to take the place of the subject in other words the presence of those others is imagined as a threat to the object of love the narrative involves a rewriting of history in which the labors of others migrants slaves is concealed in a fantasy that is the white subject who built this land the white subjects claim the place of hosts our shores at the same time as they claim the position of the victim as the ones who are damaged by an unmerciful government the narrative hence suggests that it is love for the nation that makes the white Aryans hate those whom they recognize as strangers as the ones who are taking away the nation and the role of the Aryans in its history as well as their future we might note as well that the reading of others is hateful alliant the imagined subject with the rights and the imagination with ground this alignment is effected by the representation of both the rights of the subject and the grounds of the nation is already under threat it is the emotional reading of hate that works to bind the imagined white subject and nation together the average white man feels fear and loathing the white housewife repulsion and anger the white working man curses the white Christian farmer rage the passion of these negative attachments to others is redefined simultaneously as a positive attachment to the imagined subjects brought together through the repetition of the signifier white it is the love of white or those recognizable as white that supposedly explains this shared communal visceral response of hate together we hate and this heat hate is what makes us together this narrative is far from extraordinary indeed it shows us what it shows us is the production of the ordinary the ordinary is here fantastic the ordinary white subject is a fantasy that comes into being through the mobilisation of hate as a passionate attachment tied closely to love the emotion of hate works to animate the ordinary subject to bring that fantasy to life precisely by constituting the ordinary as in crisis and the ordinary person as the real victim the ordinary becomes that which is already under that threat by imagined others whose proximity becomes a crime against person as well as place the ordinary or normative subject is reproduced as the injured party the one hurt or even damaged by invasion of others the bodies of others are hence transformed into the hated through a discourse of pain they are assumed to cause injury to the ordinary white subject such that their proximity is read as the origin of bad feeling indeed the implication here is that the white subjects good feelings love care loyalty are being taken away by the abuse of such feelings of others so who is hated in such a narrative of ink or injury clearly hate is distributed across various figures in this case the mixed-race couple the child master the rapist aliens and foreigners these figures come to embody the threat of loss lost jobs lost money lost land they signify the danger of impurity or mixing or taking of blood they threatened to violate the pure bodies such bodies can only be imagined as pure by the perpetual restaging of this fantasy of violation note the work that is being done through this metonymic slide mixed race couplings and immigrants immigration become readable as like forms of rape or molestation an invasion of the body of the nation represented here as the vulnerable and damaged bodies of the white woman and child the slide between figures constructs a relation of resemblance between the figures what makes them alike maybe they’re unlike nests within the narrative heat cannot be found in one figure but works to create the very outline of different figures or objects of hate a creation that crucially aligns the figures together and constitutes them as a common threat importantly then he does not reside in a given subject or object hate is economic it circulates between signifiers and relationships of difference and displacement in such effective economies emotions do things and they align individuals with communities or bodily space with social space through the very intense if their attachments rather than seeing emotions as psychological dispositions we need to consider how they work in concrete and particular ways to mediate the relationship between the psychic and the social between the individual and the collective in particular I will show how emotions work by sticking figures together adherence a sticking that creates the very effect of a collective coherence with reference to the figures of the asylum seeker and the international terrorists my economic model of emotion suggests that while emotions do not positively reside in a subject or figure they still work to bind subjects together indeed to put it more strongly the non-residents of emotion is what makes them binding economies of hate everyday language certainly constructs emotions as a form of positive residence so I might say I have a feeling or I might describe a film as being sad in such ways of speaking emotions become property something that belongs to a subject or object which can take the form of a characteristic or quality I want to challenge the idea that I have an emotion or that something or somebody makes me feel a certain way I am interested in the way emotions involve subjects and objects but without residing positively within them indeed emotions may only seem like a form of residence as an effect of a certain history a history that may operate by concealing its own traces clearly such an approach borrows from psychoanalysis which is also a theory of the subject as lacking positive residents a lack of being most commonly articulated as the unconscious in his essay on the unconscious Freud introduces the notion of unconscious emotions where an affective impulse is perceived to at misconstrued and which becomes attached to another idea what is repressed from consciousness is not the feeling as such but the idea to which the feeling may have been first but provisionally connected psychoanalysis allows us to see that emotionality involves movements or associations whereby feelings take us across different levels of signification not all of which can be admitted in the present this is what I would call the rip affective emotions they move sideways through sticky associations between science figures and objects as well as backward repression eyes leaves its trace in the present hence what sticks is also bound up with the perhaps –nt presence of historicity in the opening quotation we can see precisely how hate slides sideways between figures as well as backward by reopening past associations that allow somebodies to be read as the cause of our hate or as being hateful indeed insofar as psychoanalysis is a theory of the subject as lacking in the present then it offers a theory of emotion as economy as involving relationships of difference and displacement without positive value that is emotions work as a form of capital effect effect does not reside positively in the sign or commodity but is produced only as an effect of its circulation I am using the economic to suggest that emotions circulate and are distributed across the social as well as a psychic field I am borrowing from the Marxian critique of the logic of capital in capital Marx discusses how the movement of commodities and money in the formula MCM money to commodity to money creates surplus value that is through circulation and exchange and acquires more value or as he puts it the value originally advanced therefore not only remains intact while in circulation but increases its magnitude adds to itself a surplus value or is valorized and this movement converts it into capital I am identifying a similar logic the movement between signs converts into effect marks links value with effect through the figures of the capitalist and the miser this boundless drive for enrichment this passionate chase after value is common to the capitalist and to the miser passion drives the accumulation of capital the capitalist is not interested in the use value of commodities but in the appropriation of ever more wealth what I am offering is a theory of passion not as the drive to accumulate whether it be value power meaning but as that which is accumulated over time effect does not reside in an object or sign but isn’t as effect of the circulation between objects and signs equaling the accumulation of effective value over time some sign that is increase an effective value as an effect of the movement between signs the more they circulate the more effective they become and the more they appear to contain effect another way to theorize this process would be to describe feelings via an analogy with commodity fetishism feelings appear in objects or indeed as objects with a life of their own only by the concealment of how they are shaped by histories including histories of production labor and labour time as well as circulation or exchange of course such an argument about affect as an economy does not respect the important marks and distinction between use-value and exchange-value and hence relies on a limited analogy in some ways my approach may have been more common it may have more in common with a psychoanalytic emphasis on difference and displacement as the form or language of the unconscious described above where my approach involves a departure from psychoanalysis is precisely in my refusal to identify this economy as a psychic one although neither is it not a psychic one that is to return these relationships of difference and displacement to the signifier of the subject this return is not only clear in Freud’s work but also in lakhan’s positing of the subject as the proper scene of absence and loss as Lacroix and potala argue as Lacan descript defines the subject as the locus of the signifier then it is in a theory of the subject that the locus of the signifier settles this constitution of the subject has settlement even if what settles is lacking in presence means that the suspended context of the signifier are delimited by the contours of the subject in contrast my account of hate as an effective economy shows that emotions do not positively inhabit any body as well as anything meaning that the subject is simply one nodal point in the economy rather than its or and destination this is extremely important it suggests that the sideways and backward movement of emotions such as heat is not contained within the contours of a subject the unconscious is hence not the unconscious of a subject but the failure of presence the fit or the failure to be present that constitutes the relationality of subjects and objects a relationality that works through the circulation of signs given this effective economies need to be seen as social and material as well as psychic indeed if the movement of affect is crucial to the very making of a difference between in here and out there then the psychic and the social cannot be installed as proper objects instead materialization which Judith Butler describes as the effect of boundary fixity and surface involves a process of intensification in other words the accumulation of effective value shapes the surfaces of bodies and worlds we could hence ask how the circulation of science effect shapes okay we could hence ask how the circulation of signs of effect shapes the materialization of collective bodies for example the body of the nation we have already seen how hate slides across different figures and constitutes them as a common threat and what we can call hate speech but the slippery work of emotion cannot allow us to presume any opposition between extremist discourses and the ordinary work of reproducing the nation we can take as an example the speeches on asylum seekers by the previous leader of the British Conservative Party William Hague between April and June 2000 other speeches were in circulation that became stuck to the asylum speech seekers speech through this temporal proximity but also this is a repetition with a difference of some sticky words and language in the case of the asylum speeches heggs narrative is somewhat predictable words like flood and swamped are used which create association between asylum and the loss of control as well as dirt and sewage and hence work by mobilizing fear or the anxiety of being overwhelmed by the actual or Henschel potential proximity of others these words have recently been repeated by the current British Home Secretary David Blunkett who uses the word swamped to describe the effect that children of asylum seekers would have if they were taught by local schools when criticized he replaced the word swamped with overwhelmed the assumption here is that overwhelmed resolves the implication of swamped but as we can see it still evokes the sensation of being overtaken or taken over by others it constructs the nation as if it were a subject one who could not cope with the presence of others here words generate effects they create impressions of others as those who have invaded the space of the nation threatening its existence typically Hague in the earlier speeches differentiates between those others who are welcome and those who are not by differential differentiating between genuine and bukas asylum seekers partly this enables the national subject to imagine its own generosity in welcoming some others the nation is hospitable as it allows those genuine ones to stay and yet at the same time and construct some others as already hateful as bogus in order to define the limits or the conditions of this hospitality the construction of the bogus asylum seeker as a figure of hate also involves a narrative of uncertainty and crisis but an uncertainty in crisis that make that figure do more work how can we tell the difference between a bogus and a genuine asylum seeker according to the logic of this discourse it is always possible that we might not be able to tell the difference and that they may pass into our community passing functions here as a technology which relates physical movement with identity formation to pass through a space requires passing as a particular kind of subject one whose difference is unmarked and unremarkable the double possibility of passing commands the nation’s right and will to keep looking for signs of difference and justifies violent forms of into the bodies of others indeed the possibility that we might not be able to tell the difference Swift Lake converts into the possibility that any of those incoming bodies may be bogus in advance of their arrival they are hence read as the cause of an injury to the national body now how does the presentation of asylum as injury work through the proximity between figures of hate the figure of the bogus asylum seeker may evoke the figure of the bogeyman a figure who stalks the nation and haunts its capacity to secure its borders the bogeyman could be anywhere in any one as a ghost-like figure in the present who gives us nightmares about the future as an anticipated future of injury we see him again and again such figures of hate circulate and indeed accumulate effective value precisely because they do not have a fixed referent so the figures of the bogus asylum seeker is detached from particular bodies any incoming bodies could be bogus such that their endless arrival is anticipated as the scene of our injury the impossibility of reducing hate to a particular body allows heat to circulate an economic sense working to differentiate some others from other others a differentiation that is never over as it awaits for others who have not yet arrived such a discourse of waiting for the bogus justifies the repetition of violence against the bodies of others heggs speech speeches also produce certain effects through temporal proximity to another speech about Tony Martin a man sentenced to life imprisonment for murdering a 16 year old boy who had attempted to burgle his house in a rural area of England one sentence of Haig Haig circulates powerfully Hank argued without reference to Martin or asylum-seekers that the law is more interested in the rights of criminals than and the rights of people who are burgled such a sentence evokes a history that is not declared here what sticks may also be what resists literalization and in doing so it positions Martin as the victim and not as a criminal the victim of the murderer is now the criminal the crime that did not happen because of the murder the burglary takes the place of the murder as the true crime and as the real injustice this reversal of the victim criminal relationship becomes an implicit defence of the right to kill those who in will unlawfully enter ones property the detachment of the sentence allows two cases to get stuck together burglary and asylum which now both become matters of the right to defense the figure of the asylum seeker hence gets aligned with the figure of the burglar the alignment does important work it suggests that the asylum seeker is stealing something from the nation the characteristics of one figure get displaced or transferred onto the other or we could say that it is through the association between figures that they acquire a life of their own as they can art as if they can as if they contained effective quality or we could say that it is through the association between figures that they acquire life of their own as if they contain defective quality the burglar became a foreigner and the asylum seeker becomes a criminal at the same time the body of the murderer who has renamed as the victim becomes the body of the nation the one whose property and well-being is under threat by the forced proximity of the other as such the alignment of figures works as a narrative of defense the nation / national subject must defend itself against invasion by others such a defensive narrative is not explicitly articulated but rather works through the movement between figures the circulation does its work it produces a differentiation between quote us and them thereby they are constituted as the cause or the justification of our feelings of hate indeed we can see how attachment involves a sliding between pain and hate there is a perceived injury in which the others burglar / bogus proximity is felt as the violence of negation against both the body of the individual here the farmer and the body of the nation we can see that the effectivity of hate is what makes it difficult to pin down to locate in a body object or figure this difficulty is what makes emotions such as hate worked the way that they do it is not the impossibility of hate as such but the mode of its operation whereby it’s surf it surfaces in the world made up of other bodies in other words it is the failure of emotions to be located in a body object or figures that allows emotions to reproduce or generate the effects that they do fear bodies and objects I now want to relate my model of emotion as effective economy specifically to fear and the materialization of bodies significantly fear is an emotion that is often characterized as being about its object and hence would not seem to work in the economic sense I have defined above indeed fear has often been contrasted with anxiety insofar as fear has an object for example example Stan Lee Rahman argues that anxiety can be described as the tense anticipation of a threatening but vague event or the feeling of an uneasy suspense while fear is described as an emotional reaction to a threat that is identifiable I want to question this model by suggesting that fear is linked to the passing by of the object we can consider for instance that the narrative of asylum seekers swapping the nation works as a narrative of fear fear works to create a sense of being overwhelmed rather than being contained in an object fear as I type intensified by the impossibility of containment if the others who are feared pass by then the others might pass their way into the community and could be anywhere and everywhere Heidegger also suggests that fear is intensified when it ceases to be contained by an object that approaches he suggests quote that which is detrimental as something that threatens us is not yet within striking distance but is coming close as it draws close this it can and yet it may not become aggravated we say it is fearsome this applies that what is detrimental is coming close carries with it the paten possibility that it may stay away and pass us by but instead of lessening or extinguishing our fearing listen is it crucially Heidegger relates fear to that which is not yet in the present at in either the spatial or temporal sense of the here-and-now fear response to that which is approaching rather than already here it is the Futurity of fear which makes it possible that the object of fear rather than arriving might pass us by but the passing by the object of fear does not mean the overcoming of fear rather the possibility of the loss of the object that approaches makes what is fearsome all the more fearsome if fear has an object then fear can be contained by the object when the object of fear threatens to pass by then fear can no longer be contained by an object fear in its very relationship to an object in the very intensity of its directness towards that object is intensified by the loss of its object we could characterize this absence as about being not quite present rather than as with anxiety being nowhere at all or anxiety becomes attached to particular objects which come to life not as the cause of anxiety but as an effect of its travels in anxiety one’s thoughts often move quickly between different objects a movement that works to intensify the sense of anxiety one thinks of more and more things to be anxious about the detachment from one given object allows anxiety to accumulate in other words anxiety tends to stick to objects given this anxiety becomes an approach to objects rather than as with fear being produced by an object’s approach the slide between fear and anxiety is affected precisely by the passing by of the object furthermore fears relationship to the potential disappearance of an object is more profound than simply a relationship to the object of fear in other words it is not just fear that is at stake in fear for Freud fears themselves may function as symptoms as mechanisms for the defence of the ego against danger in his essay inhibitions symptoms and anxiety Freud returns to the little Hans case Hans had a phobic relationship to horses Freud argues that this fear is itself a symptom that has been put in the place of another fear one that much more profoundly threatens the ego the fear of castration Hans can manage his fear of horses through avoidance in a way that he could not in at his fear of the Father we might remember that in Freud’s model of unconscious emotions the effect itself is not repressed rather what is repressed is the idea to which the effect was attached so the effect of fear is sustained through the displacement between objects the displacement between objects works also to link those objects together such linkages are not created by fear but may already be in place within the social imaginary in the Freudian model the movement between objects is intrapsychic and goes backward it refers back to the primary fear of castration or to be more specific the sideways movement between objects in this case the horse and the father is itself explained as determined by a repression of the idea to which the effect was originally attached the threat of castration I would suggest that the sideways movement between objects which works to stick objects together as science of threat is shaped by multiple histories the movement between signs does not have its origin in the psyche but is a trace of how histories remain alive in the present we can consider for instance how the language of racism sustains fear through displacement and how the surfaces through bodies take the following quote from friends font phenols black skin white masks quote frontspin olds about black skin white masks quote my body was given back to me sprawled out distorted recolored clad in mourning in the white winter day the Negro is an animal the Negro was bad the Negro was mean the Negro was ugly look it’s an n-word it’s cold the n-word is shivering because he is cold the little boy is trembling because he is afraid of the n-word the n-word is shivering with cold that cold that goes through your bones the handsome little boy is trembling because he thinks that the n-word is curved when covering with rage the little boy throws himself into his mother’s arms mama the n-word is going to eat me up here fear is felt as coldness it makes bodies shiver with a cold that moves from the surface into the depths of the body as a cold that goes through your bone fear boats envelops the bodies that feel it as well as constructs those bodies as enveloped as contained by it as if it comes from the outside and moves inward in the encounter fear does not bring the bodies together it is not a shared feeling but works to differentiate between white and black bodies the white child miss recognizes the Shivering of the black body as rage and hence as the grounds for its fear in other words the other is only red as fearsome through misrecognition a reading that is returned by the black other through its response of fear as a fear of the white subjects fear this is not to say that the fear comes from the white body as if it is the origin of that fear and its author rather fear opens up past histories that stick to the present in the very reversal of childhood fantasies about being eaten up that take on the value of social norms as truths about the other and allow the white body to be constructed as a part from the black body we might note here that fear does something it reestablishes distance between bodies whose difference is read off the surface as a reading that reproduces the surface shivering recoloring but what is very clear here is that the object of fear remains the black man who comes to fuel the fear as his own as threatening his existence fear does not come from within the subject nor does it reside in its object we are not afraid of others because they are fearsome through the circulation of signs of fear the black other becomes fearsome but doesn’t this example show us that fear does get contained by an object in this place case the black man to some extent this is right the circulation of signs of fear does lead to containment for some and movement for others here fear gets contained in a body which henceforth becomes an object of fear indeed the white child’s apparent fear does not lead to containment but an expansion indeed the white child’s apparent fear does not lead to containment but an expansion his embrace of the world is suggested by how he reestablishes himself as being at home the embrace of the mother as a return home it is the black subject the one who fears the impact of the white child’s fear who is crushed by that fear by being sealed into a body that takes up less space in other words fear works to restrict some bodies through the movement or expansion of others but this containment is an effect of movement between signs as well as bodies such movements depend on past histories of association negro animal bad mean ugly in other words it is the movement of fear between signs which allows the object of fear to be generated in the present the Negro is an animal bad mean ugly the movement between signs is what allows others to be attributed with emotional value in this case as being fearsome and the attribution that depends on a history that sticks and which does not need to be declared the containment is provisional insofar as the black man is the object of fear that he may pass by indeed the physicality of his passing by can be associated with the passing of fear between signs it is the movement that intensifies effect the black man becomes even more threatening if he passes by his proximity is imagined then as the possibility of future injury as such the economy of fear works to contain the bodies of others a containment whose success relies on its failure as it must keep open the very grounds of fear in this sense fear works as an effective economy despite how it seems directed towards an object fear does not reside in a particular object or sign and it is this lack of residence that allows fear to slide across science and between bodies this sliding becomes stuck only temporarily in the very attachment of a sign to a human body whereby the sign sticks to a body by constituting as the object of fear a constitution taken on by the body encircling it with a fear that then becomes its own the sideways movement of fear where we have a metonymic and sticky relation between signs is also a backward movement objects of fear becomes substituted for each other over time this substitution involves the passing by of the objects for which the subject seems to flee fear and anxiety create the very effect of that which I am NOT through the very effect of turning away from an object which nevertheless threatens as it passes buyer is displaced to this extent fear does not involve the defense of borders that already exists rather fear makes those borders by establishing objects from which the subject in fearing can stand apart objects that become the knot from which the subject appears to flee through fear not only is the very border between self and other affected but the relation between the objects feared rather than simply the relation between object and its objects is shaped by histories that stick by making some objects more than others seem fearsome global economies of fear we can think more precisely about the processes through which fear works to secure forms of the collectives my argument is not that there is a psychic economy of fear that then becomes social and collective rather the individual subject comes into being through it’s very alignment with the collective it is the very failure of effect to be located in the subject or object that allows it to generate the surfaces of collective bodies the complexity of the spatial and bodily politics of fear has perhaps never been so apparent and in the global economies of fear since September 11th there is of course named in the very naming of terrorism terrorists are immediately identified as agents of extreme fear that is those who seek to make others afraid less mobile or less free to move as well as those who seek to cause death and destruction as the Australian Prime Minister John Howard puts it bin Laden’s hatred for the United States and for a world system built on individual freedom religious tolerance democracy and the International free flow of Commerce means that he wants to spread fear create uncertainty and promote instability hoping that this will cause communities and countries to turn against one another Howard then reads the acts of terror has attacks not only on the mobility of international capital but also on the mobility of the bodies of Australians on their right to move around the world with ease and freedom and without fear I would like to offer an alternative reading of what moves and what sticks inferior economies one that differentiates between forms of mobility as well a different different kinds of bodily enclosure containment or detainment in the first instance we can imagine how the mobility of the bodies of subjects in the West while presented as threatened is also defended along with the implicit defense of the mobility of capital in the global economy whereby capital is constructed as clean money and defined ins the dirty money of terrorism which much must be frozen or blocked the most immediate instruction made to subjects and citizens in America Australia and Britain was to go about your daily business to travel to spend or consume and so on as a way of refusing to be a victim of terror indeed in the United States citizens were in effect asks not to fear and the nation was represented as not being afraid as a way of showing the failure of the terrorist act attacks to destroy the nation as george w bush put it it is natural to wonder if America’s future is one of fear some speak of an age of terror I know there are struggles ahead and dangers to face but this country will define our times not be defined by them as long as the United States is determined and strong this will not be an age of Terror the nation is constructed as having prevailed through refusing to transform its vulnerability and wounds into fear a response that would be read in terms of this narrative as determination by terror rather than self-determination Bush then an act of self-determination turned the act of terror into an act of war which would seek to eliminate the source of fear and transform the world into a place where the mobility of some capital and sub bodies becomes a sign of freedom and civilization this suggests that the effect of terror was not containment but provided the very grounds for immobilization this is not to say however that individuals and groups have not experienced fear in response to the events the effects of fear are clear in for example the huge reduction in air travel however we need to think about this containment carefully without assuming that fear simply brings people together or that containment is the only effect of such fear as I have already noted following Heidegger the object of fear may pass by and this structural possibility is part of the lived perience of fear while the events did happen and did constitute an object however much it passed by a passing by that was already at stake in a living out of the present given the mediate ization of the event as event that fiercely quickly into anxiety in which what was at stake was not the approach of an object but an approach to an object the approach to the event in which it is repeated and transformed into a fetish object involved forms of alignment whereby individuals aligned themselves with the nation as being under attack this of course repeats the process of alignment whereby the nation aligned itself with individuals as having been or being attacked now what is crucial here is not just that this alignment might restrict the mobility of individuals who now feel themselves in a way that is personal to be terrorist targets rather the mediating work of this alignment experiences of fear become lived as patriotic declarations of love which allowed home itself to be mobilized as a defense against terror if subjects stayed at home that homes become transformed into the symbolic space of the nation to their widespread use of American flags this is not to say that the meaning of flags is necessary to its circulation as if such Flags could only signify national love rather we can consider how the flag is a sticky sign whereabouts stickiness allows it to stick to other flag signs which gives the impression of coherence the nation s sticking together the flag is a sign that has historically signified territorial conquest as well as love for the nation patriotism has effects in its terms of the displays of witness where a by one is with others and against other others George Packer in an article in the New York Times Magazine expressed as well as Flags bloomed like flowers I found they tapped emotion as quickly as pictures of the missing to me these flags didn’t represent flag flabby complacence but alertness grief resolved even love they evoked fellow-feeling flirt with Americans for with where we had been attacked together the turning away from the object of fear hence may involve a turning toward home as a fellow feeling that turning toward involves the repetition or reiteration of science fellowship that turning could even be understood as compulsory not to display a flag can be read as a sign of a lack of fellowship or even as the origin of terror to paraphrase George W Bush if you do not show us you are with us you would be seen as against us fear mediated by love as identification with the nation which becomes to adhere as an effect of signs of love does not necessarily shrink bodies the turning away from the object of fear here involves a turning towards home fear mediated by this form of love love is identification does not necessarily shrink bodies but may even allow them to occupy more space to the identification with the collective body which stands in for the individual body and moves on its behalf in other words the apparent containment of some bodies in the United States functions as a form of mobilization staying at home allows the mobilization of bodies through the symbolic identification with the nation at war in george w bush’s State of the Union address in 2002 the effect of this identification is clear It was as if our entire country looked into the mirror and saw our better selves hence the United States is defined as caught by its own reflection in the mirror a catching out that borders on collective narcissism self-love becomes a national love that legitimizes legitimates the response to terror as the protection of loved ones who are with me we’re a by witness is premised on signs of likeness and wearable likeness becomes an imperative or a condition of survival so if the event of terror of seeking to cause fear leads to a defense of the mobility of capital and the mobilisation of some bodies through both the defense of the home as nation and the identification with the nation then who is contained through terror whose vulnerability is at stake as has been well documented the events of September 11th have been used to justify the detention of anybody suspected of being terrorists not only was their immediate detention of suspects in the United States and European countries but governments in the West have responded to the terror by enacting legislation that increases the governmental rights to taint suspected of being a terrorist the British amendment to the Terrorism Act 2000 states that the Secretary of State may issue a certificate if he believes that the person’s presence ignited Kingdom is a risk to national security or he suspects the person is an international terrorist here risk assessment becomes a matter of belief and suspicion itself becomes the grounds for detention the extension of the powers of detention is not merely symbolic nor does it merely relate to the detention of terrorists given the structural possibility that anybody could be a terrorist what we have reinstituted and extended is the power of detention as such however the structural possibility that anyone could be a terrorist does not translate into everybody being affected by the extension of powers of detention in the same way it is well documented that people have been detained because of very weak links between them and terrorist networks often involving simple links through names or workplaces or residence areas TDR Zoll Berg considers this process a form of racial profiling quoting details reported in The New Yorker of the 1147 people detained in the United States between September 11th and November 2001 some were identified on the basis of circumstantial links with the attack but many were picked up on the basis of tips over people of Middle Eastern or South Asian descent who had been stopped for traffic violations or for acting suspiciously as Munir ahmed describes after September 11th there was an unrelenting multivalent assault on the body psyches and rights of Arab Muslim and South Asian immigrants indeed letti volt suggests that the responses to September 11th facilitated a new identity category that groups together people who appear Middle Eastern Arab or Muslim the recognition of such groups of people as could be terrorists depends on stereotypes already in place at the same time as it generates a distinct category of the fearsome in the present we can recall price precisely the repetition of stereotypes about the black man in the encounter described by friend’s phone all this repetition works by generating the other as an object of fear a fear that is then taken on as its importantly the word terrorist sticks to somebody’s as it reopens past histories of naming just as it slides into other words in the accounts of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq such as fundamentalism Islam Arab representative repressive primitive indeed the slide of men anomie metonymy can function as an implicit argument about the causal relationships between terms such as Islam and terrorism within the making of truths and worlds but in such a way that it does not require an explicit statement the work done by metonymy means that it can remake links it can stick words like terrorist and Islam together even when arguments are made that seem to unmake those links utterances like this is not a war against Islam coexist with description such as Islamic terrorists which work to restate the words together and constant constant their coincidence as more than the sliding between signs also involves sticking signs to bodies the bodies who could be terrorists are the ones who might look Muslim given that the event became an object that allowed certain forms of violence and detention of others in the name of defense made to ask what role the security play in the effective politics of fear importantly security is bound up with the knot what is not me or not us as Michael no Dylan has suggested security is not simply about securing a border that already exists nor is fear simply a fear of what we are not as I argued in the previous section anxiety and fear create a very the very effect of borders and their very effect of that which we are not partly through how we turn away from the other whom we imagined as the cause of our fear borders are constructed and indeed police on the very feeling that they have already been transgressed the other has has to get too close in order to be recognized as an object of fear and in order for the object to be displaced the transgression of the border is required in order for it to be secured as a border in the first place this is why the politics of fear as well as hate is narrated as a border anxiety fear speaks the language of floods and so of being invaded by inappropriate others against whom the nation must defend itself we can reflect then on the anthology of insecurity within the constant Constitution of the political it must be presumed that things are not secure in and of themselves in order to justify the imperative to make things secure more specifically it is through announcing a crisis and security that new forms of security border policing and surveillance become justified we only have to think about how narratives of crisis are used within politics to justify a return to values and traditions that are perceived to be under threat it is not simply that these crises exist and that fears and anxieties come into being as a necessary effect of that existence rather it is the very production of the crisis that is crucial to declare a crisis is not to make something out of nothing such declarations often work with real events facts or figures as we can see for example and how the rise and divorce rates is used to announce a crisis in marriage and the family but the declaration of crisis reads the fact figure event and transforms it into a fetish object that then acquires a life of its own in other words that can become the grounds for declarations of war against that which is read as the source of the threat through designating something as already under threat in the present that very thing becomes installed as the truth which we must fight for in the future a fight that is retrospectively understood to be a matter of life and death indeed it is the fear of death of the death of oneself ones loved ones ones community ones people that is generated by such narratives to preserve or maintain that which is so I might fear for myself for us or on behalf of others since September 11th the deaths have become symbolic of that which is under threat not only by terrorists those who take life but by all that the possibility of terrorism stands for a possibility linked by some commentators to internal forms of weakness such as secularization multiculturalism and the decline of social and familial ties for example Jerry Falwell the United States argued I really believe that the pagans and the abortionists and the and the gays and lesbians who are actively trying to make an alternative lifestyle all of them who have tried to secularize America I point the finger in their face and say you help this happen in the United States the British National Party’s response to September 11th was to posit this Lammas ization within the United Kingdom rather than the Taliban in Afghanistan as the threat to the moral future of the nation itself quote they can turn Britain into an Islamic Republic by 2025 this attribution of the crime of terror to the weakening of religious religion and community posed by the presence of various others has been of course condemned within mainstream politics although noticeably with less of an disgust reaction than how some critics of u.s. foreign policy have been received however at the same time a broader set of assumptions around what would be required to defend the nation in the world strengthening the will of the community in the face of others both displaces and reworks the narrative logic instead of an internal weakness being posited as responsible for this event we have an internal strength being positive as responsible for recovery survival and moving beyond fear as george w bush put it these acts of mass murder were intended to frighten our nation into chaos and retreat but they have failed our country is strong the response to terror becomes a way of strengthening the bonds of the nation in the global community of free nations the wound of charity requires sticking together adherence as coherence and using the values that make America and democracy quote strong indeed the emphasis on security in george w bush’s State of the Union address in 2002 includes the transformation of democratic citizenship into policing and as government works to secure our homeland America will continue to depend on the eyes and ears of alert citizens citizenship is here translated into a form of neighborhood watch the citizen must look out for suspicious others citizenship works as a way to police the boundaries of neighborhoods the role of citizens as police is translated as an imperative to love in which love becomes the foundation of community as well as the guarantor of our future our country also needs citizens working to rebuild our communities we need mentors to love children the definition of values that will allow America to prevail in the face of terror values that have been named as freedom love and compassion involves the defense of particular institutional and social forms against the danger posed by others such values function to define not only a deal’s that supposedly govern war aims and objectives but democratic norms of behavior and conduct of what it means to be civil a civil society and a legitimate government to be brought into international civil society that is to not be named as a rogue state are part of the axis of evil others must mimic these rules of conduct and forms of governance henceforth the emphasis on values truths and norms that will allow survival slides easily into the defense of particular social forms or institutions we might note here that these social forms become identified as better by being defined as open liberal democracy and with it a weak model of racial and religious tolerance as well as an apparent liberal support for feminism become defined as what is good about the United States in opposition to the closed and fundamentalist politics of the Islamic other hence respect for women and religious tolerance become divine defined as two of the values that make America and the free world strong such an argument allows the war to be narrated as saving women from religious fundamentalism this is a familiar narrative and one that has a long Imperial history as many feminist critics have argued such a narrative overlooks not only the heterogeneity of other cultures and the existence of women’s resistance and feminist networks in Islamic worlds including in Afghanistan but also the maintenance of gendered as well as other forms of oppression in the United States and the so-called free world we need to think about the political effects of this hierarchy between open and closed cultures and show how the constitution of open cultures involves the per deck project of what is closed unto others and hence the concealment of what is closed and contained at home furthermore the fear of degeneration as a mechanism for preserving social forms become associated more with some bodies than with others the threat of some others to social forms which are the materialization of norms is represented as the threat of turning away from the values that will guarantee survival these various others come to embody the failure of the norm to take form it is the proximity of such other bodies that causes the fear that formed some civilization the family the community the nation an international civil society have degenerated those who speak out against the truth of this world become aligned then with the terrorists we’re seeking to cause the ruin of the world what is important then is that the narratives that seek to preserve the present through working on anxieties of death as the necessary consequence of the demise of social forms also seek to locate that anxiety in some bodies which then take on fetish qualities as objects of fear such bodies engendered even more fear as they cannot be held in places objects and threatened to pass by that is we may fail to see that those forms that have failed to be it is always possible that we might not be able to tell the difference the present hence becomes preserved by defending the community against the imagined others who may take form in ways that cannot be anticipated a not yet Ness that means the work of defense is never over such defenses generated by anxiety and fear for the future and justifies the elimination or exclusion of that which fails to materialize in the form of the norm as a struggle for survival insofar as we do not know what forum us others other other others may take those who fail to materialize in the forms that are lived as norms the policies of continual surveillance of emergent forms is sustained as an ongoing project of survival it is here that we can deepen our reflections on the role of the figure of the terrorists within economies of fear crucially the narrative that justifies the expansion of the powers to detain others within the nation and the potential expansion of the war itself to other nations relies on the structural possibility that the terrorists could be anyone and anywhere the narrative of the could be terrorists in which the terrorist is the one who hides in the shadows has a double edge on the one hand to the figure of the terrorists is detached from particular bodies as a shadowy figure an unspecified may come to pass but it is this could be necessitate which also allows restriction on the mobility of those bodies who are read is associated with terrorism Islam Arab Asian East fear sticks to these bodies and to the bodies of road states that could be terrorists where the could be opens up the power to detain although such fear sticks it also slides across such bodies it is the structural possibility that the terrorists may pass us by that justifies the expansion of these forms of intelligence surveillance and the rights of detention fear works here to expand the mobility of some bodies and contain others precisely insofar as it does not reside positively in any one body as Samuel Weber puts it when terrorism is defined as an international it becomes difficult to locate situate personify and identify and it is this difficulty that justifies the expansions of power and the state it is important to recognize that the figure of the international terrorists has been mobilized in close proximity to the figure of the asylum seeker the slide between these two figures does an enormous amount of work it assumes that those who seek asylum who flee from terror and persecution may be bogus insofar as they could be the very agents of terror and persecution they like terrorists are identified as potential burglars as unlawful intruders into the nation in Australia for example the refusal to allow the boat Tampa into its waters with this cargo of 433 asylum seekers many of whom were family Janice tan those retrospectively justified on the grounds that those on board could be linked to Osama bin Laden the sticking together of the figures of the asylum seeker and the international terrorist which already evokes other figures the burglar the bogeyman constructs those who are without home as sources of our fear and as reasons for new forms of border policing whereby the future is always a threat posed by others who may pass by and pass their way into the community the slide of metonymy works to generate or make likeness the asylum seeker is like the terrorist an agent of fear who may destroy our home the slide between figures involves the containment of others who henceforth become the objects of fear the containment of the bodies of others affected by this economy of fear is most chillingly and violently revealed in the literal deaths of those seeking asylum in containers deaths that remain unmourned by the very nations who embody the hope of a future for those seeking asylum this is a chilling reminder of what is at stake in the effective economies of fear you

now to a CBS 21 News assignment tomorrow is the start of May and that means finals time for many college student and while the Internet makes it easier to access information it might be causing some problems we found some students by their papers online CBS 21 player Greenberg tried it out lera what’d you find well Robyn Tonya it turns out that there are dozens of websites you can use to purchase papers for school so we did it and we brought this paper to a college professor to see if she could tell it was purchased and if so what would she do about it the response we got might surprise you they’re called essay farms I haven’t seen a lot of this yet I haven’t but maybe that’s because it works web sites where students purchase the fruits of someone else’s labor and turn it in as their own academic students explain the premise of an assignment cinema include their deadlines and pay for the paper by the page it’s 28 dollars and 40 cents per page so probably my favorite thing about some of these websites is how poorly the site’s themselves are written this one says do you think you can find better essay writing company than pimp my paper comm and then is spelled with an e we spoke with some professors at Millersville University and used a prompt from a cinema course there to request a paper through one of these sites I’ve chosen a side of music alright so we’re giving them just over a week to write a five-page paper it cost us a hundred and forty seven dollars and we’re gonna see how it goes if this had been turned in to me by one of my students I would be sorely disappointed just dr. Jill Craven teaches English and cinema at Millersville it’s just so so big she looked over the essay we paid for when there started to be factual errors which was in the first paragraph I immediately kind of said well let me take a look at that book it’s when she checked the books listed in the bibliography that she realized and I went to the page and it happened to be the index it was all fabricated I think I checked for and none of them were accurate as I start to discuss here dr. Craven says she wouldn’t have necessarily been able to tell those people was purchased but she says it was so bad she would have failed the student anyway so you would give this enough I would actually give it a zero because of the fabricated resources the part that’s hardest is is not that they offer this service it’s that their language suggests that this is normal Millersville associate provost Jeff Adams hasn’t seen too many students buying papers online but he knows these sa farms are out there he’s seen them himself most students but certainly not all when pressed will step up and take responsibility for what they’ve done and they they understand that there has to be consequences for a suspicious paper he says faculty are expected to contact the Provost’s and then a panel reviews the situation they determine if there’s any wrongdoing and how the student should be punished typically if they come to me the faculty is usually requesting the students be given an automatic failing grade in the course Elizabethtown College has a similar system if a suspicious paper is turned in there several faculty members meet with the student there is an appeals process if a student wanted to appeal to a group called the academic review board but we do take it quite seriously both schools use an online program called Turnitin students submit their papers online where they’re compared to others that have been previously turned in Turnitin cross-checks papers and looks for plagiarism the paper writing websites we found promised to be plagiarism free but professors say that’s doubtful they’re recycling as much material as they can to avoid doing a lot of work themselves they’re missing out on the education there and dr. Craven acknowledges plagiarism is a problem on college campuses when I started to teach the course and I got the my first set of papers I found that 30% of the papers had been plagiarized she says these essay farms are just the latest fad for harvesting unoriginal papers it’s pretty rampant as a business and when we told her the price of this particular paper – it’s Iraq this paper cost one hundred and forty seven dollars oh my goodness you didn’t tell me that it was clear she didn’t think it was worth it I think it affects dealt a lot and I think it’s going to affect businesses a lot as students continue to cheat on their work for students now and in the future because they don’t have the level of expertise they don’t have respect for the knowledge they don’t have the processes of thinking that you need in order to be good employees and good citizens Wow fascinating not crazy and it’s also worth noting that federal laws don’t actually allow colleges to discuss student academic issues with parents unless the students sign off on it because they are adults when they’re college age so if this is going on and your mom and dad you have no idea oh no you’re sitting that paid that check in to pay for school so she can say mom yeah you’re paid for it well so she finds a factual error in the first paragraph fails the paper can the student get a refund from I mean I hate to be callous yeah no it’s it’s kind of sketchy because the website says money back guaranteed and we actually contacted the website he said we failed this paper can we get our money back they said you have to send a screenshot proving the failing grade and then the billing department reviews it so it doesn’t really say well we’ll give you full money back or part of it or whatever so interesting yeah fascinating stuff gotta do your own work yep Thanks

Content marketing works. I mean, the proof

is there. I’ve been sharing these statistics for 8 years now. HubSpot has done this famous

study on blogging. They looked at over 13,500 bloggers and they found out that the blogs

marketers published, the more inbound traffic they got to their website. And they found

that an accumulation of more content brings more leads. For example, those who published

more than 400 blogs got twice as much traffic as those that have less than 400 blogs. And

if you’ve read my blogs, you know this one too. The current ROA (Return on Advertising)

is as low as 0.6. That went way down from 11.8 times ROA back in 2016. Compare it to

the ROA on organic content, which is anywhere from 14 to 16 percent conversion from your

onsite traffic. But here’s the thing. The average time spent to see content marketing

results are anywhere from 12 to 18 months. That’s what Joe Pulizzi said.

Now, after 8 years of building content, we see results like Top 3 of Google results in

as little as 30 days, but that’s not realistic for most new content marketers. Here’s the

thing about content marketing that you have to know; it works but only if you set it up

to work. Hey guys, I’m Julia McCoy, I’m a growth-focused

content marketer. I identify as a content hacker, which is the name of my new brand

launching this June. I’m also the CEO of Express Writers and Author and Blogger. Thank you so much for joining me on today’s

video. So, those statistics on content marketing that I shared at the beginning of this video,

that more content equals more leads; consistency is key and the proof is there that content

does work way better than traditional advertising. Well, I’ve been sharing those for years now

and what I see are a lot of marketers still stuck in a rut.

Today’s video is for those that are in that rut. I’m going to call you out because I care

about you. I think that many of you are just a few feet away from what could be content

marketing greatness. But here’s the thing, if you’re not getting the fundamentals right,

which we’ll go over in a minute, and you’re not being consistent about producing great

content, all the while complaining about a lack of leads, traffic, visitors and ultimately

sales. Well, I can tell you if you just sat down and fixed some of these glaring problems,

those leads, those visitors, those sales would come. \

The real problem in concert marketing is that most content marketers think of content as

a quick fix, instead of building a house, which to really be successful that’s what

it’s like. And why are thinking of it like that? They’re over here complaining about

all the things they don’t have – those traffic leads and sales – which they could have if

these fundamentals and principles were right. We’ve got to stop being absent on our company

blog. We’ve got to fix our site fundamentals that are wrong. We need to have a professional

take a look at all that icky content we’ve just let hang on our websites. It\’92s time

for us to stop complaining about the things we wish we had and start doing something about

it. Content marketing action takers are the content marketing winners. \

I’m a College dropout and I figured out content marketing after years of trial and error.

My story is proof that anyone can see content success. I’ve been blogging, I haven\’92t

missed a week for 8 years now. We’re at 90,000 visitors a month on our site and 14 to 16

percent of those leads are converting. We’re not the only success story of content; Moz,

Unbounce, CoSchedule, these are a few big players in the marketing and software industries

that have built their presence through great content.

OK. So, if you’re here watching this and you’re just not seeing success from your content,

let’s talk about how to fix that. I’m going to give you 3 ways that you can start implementing

today and you will see results start to happen right away. And long-term, you\’92re going

to be building that foundation for a great house where leads can find you, interact with

you and then eventually, buy your stuff. \ Number one: if your site isn’t fast, well

built, stable, user friendly, or built at all, this is your first step. \

OK guys, so Google has said that conversions drop by 12 percent per second of load time.

The more time it takes to load your site, the less your human lead, buyer, audience

member, is going to stick around. And a recent study done in 2017 has showed that one full

second – ready for this – can decrease conversion rates by 70 percent. So, if you have a website

and you’re not in that bracket of don’t even have a website yet, we’ll talk about you guys

soon. You can use this tool – I’m going to put it on the screen www.tools.pingdom.com

this is a free site speed checker. So, use this. See how fast your site is and if it’s

not fast, then you need a site developer to help you fix your site speed. \

OK. So, for those of you need who need your website fixed, rebuilt, and then for those

people who don’t even have a website yet, go get a WordPress developer. And you can

use a site like Upwork to quickly find top rated freelance developers that work per hour,

so it’s going to be easy to budget. You can set a budget, have them work by the hour,

pay them by the hour and for work done. WordPress developers can clean your site, fix your site,

rebuild it if it’s broken. If it’s not on WordPress, put it on WordPress, which by the

way, is one of the most SEO-friendly platforms out there. And make your site clean, beautiful,

user-friendly, fast. This should be your goal with your website and nothing less. And this

will lead to fit everything you do in content because without a good site, you can’t serve

good content. And you don’t even need to spend more than $30 to $50 an hour to find a really

good WordPress developer to help you out. And if you’re needing a brand-new site done,

that could cost you anywhere starting at $500 – $1000, depending on how many pages you want

to start out with. So, go get a great website, rebuild one if yours is crap, build one now

if you don’t have one. You’ll thank me later. \

Number two: research and put together an SEO report.\

I do this weekly. I research keywords for almost every new blog we create. Think of

finding the right keywords like this: you have a great house built, but you don’t have

your driveway yet and you don’t have your house number, how are people going to find

you? As do your keywords; optimizing your site with the right keywords to pull in the

people that are looking for you and your services on the web is like adding that number to your

house on the mailbox or paving that driveway, so people can drive up to your house and access

it. Without this house number, without this driveway, people are not going to find your

house. The same is true of not doing keyword research. Now, if you’re already known, you\’92re

an influencer, you’re a celebrity, you don’t have to do keyword research. But if you’re

none of the above, you should be doing it. \

After 8 years of doing consistent SEO research, I still find all these untapped opportunities

of low hanging fruit, where there is very little competition for a keyword and I can

create some great content around it, and rank in in the top 3 or 5 of Google. No matter

your niche, your industry, there are keyword opportunities out there. And get a Pro to

help you research these keywords if you don’t know what you’re doing. These tools are expensive.

For example, SEMrush is $100 a month but it’s one of the best tools you could use. Keyword

Finder is another great tool; it’s a little bit less cost, it starts around $20 or $30

a month. But once you have these tools, you need to know what you’re looking for, that’s

an art in and of itself. A link to a resource in this video description, where I talk about

how to find good keywords. \ And remember, a heavy trend in SEO is the

quality of the content on your site. So, once you have those keywords, the work isn’t done.

You need to create high quality content around those keywords. Otherwise, Google is just

not going to rank your site. If your content is riddled with typos, if the facts are missing,

if links to back up statistics aren\’92t there, this list goes on, that continent isn’t quality

and Google isn’t going to rank it. So, just like you wouldn’t try to build your house

yourself or remodel your kitchen yourself, unless you were a professional contractor,

don’t write your content yourself. If you don’t know how to build high quality onsite

content, get a writer and the long-term dividends will truly pay off. I promise you. \

OK, number 3, the last point: plan and set a consistent amount of content to happen on

your site on the regular. \ The best and easiest way to do this is through

a blog on your website. So, I’ve been able to uphold this goal of one high quality blog

per week, going strong for 8 years now. Some weeks, we publish two, three, four but our

goal is one per week at the minimum. So, we’ve been doing that for 8 years. I know marketers

that have been doing that for 20 years and that’s how they’ve built a huge presence and

a huge following. So, consistency in great content is really most of the secret sauce

to great content marketing once you have your fundamentals right. Also, images are really

important. You don’t just want to post content; you want to add great visuals. Take a look

at The Write Blog. So, everything we publish here has a uniquely designed header set. This

is something that I ask my designer to create for us, she creates it in Adobe Illustrator.

It’s super high quality and all the colors and styles match our brand – we have a clear

brand style. Using images, creating beautiful custom images for each blogpost, is a great

way to help your blog get more eyeballs. And don\’92t forget your social media, you need

to be sharing the content out that you create, so your friends, your followers, people that

might eventually become clients can find it and read it and interact with it. \

Email Marketing is going to be important of blogging too. You want to build a list, send

your new blogs to your list every week. \ OK, so that’s it, 3 ways to start getting

your fundamentals right so you can see content marketing success a lot sooner. And like I

said, this is a lot like building a house. This is not that cheap or fast or overnight

trick to get more sales and leads. It’s a consistent over time effort to bring long-term

results. And if you think about it, isn’t everything good in life kind of like that?

For example, marriage, you know; I have to work it out every day. I have to choose to

love my partner every day. Parenting is a lot like this too; you have to love your kid,

nurture your kid every day. So, why would we think of Marketing as anything different?

Why would we think that a quick trick is going to get long-term huge results? It’s just not

going to happen. \ I wanted to say this for the end because I

don’t want you to feel like you’re being pitched. Value is my main focus but if you need your

keywords researched, great content written, even a free content strategy consultation,

we do all that at Express Writers. We’re here to help businesses like yours grow through

content. You can get in touch with us today. You can actually see our services and our

pricing at www.expresswriters.com/content-shop Thanks so much for watching today’s video.

Want more content marketing real talk? Hit that subscribe button and then don’t forget

to hit the bell so you get notified every time I publish a new video.

And I’d love to hear what you thought of today’s video in the comments. So, let me know and

I’ll see you guys around.